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Should People be Allowed to Sell their Virginity - 275 Words

Should People be Allowed to Sell their Virginity? (Speech Presentation Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date: Selling virginity According to dictionary.reference.com, a virgin in the context of sex is anyone who has never had a sexual intercourse. In many worlds communities, virginity is treated with great value. Thus in many societies, a girl is expected to keep her virginity for as long as until marriage. However in Cambodia for example, virginity is not only treated with such a great moral value but also has a significant monetary value. In this community, young girls sell their virginity to between $500 and $5,000 for a week. Virginity selling is such a lucrative business and is irresistible for most of the citizens living on $1 a day. Due to this phenomenon, a moral question that usually rises is whether it is morally right to sell ones virginity. Several girls have sold their virginities online attracting very high bidders such as Elizabeth who wishes to sell hers at $250,000 for only twelve hours.While some support the selling of virginity, many argue against the practice. Some support it on moral grounds while others basing their argument on human rights. For instance in one argument by pros is that selling virginity is an excellent business idea. Such arguments stream down to the fact that virginity is a valued commodity and losing it should also be of value.The most overarching argument against the whole concept of selling virginity is the fact that many Americans have attached too much value to virginity that a womans value is measured by whether they are sexually active or not. According to them, there is a fetish driven by the media and education about the need to abstain and the sexual expectations for women. All reasons for abstinence.In conclusion, selling of virginity is something that merely reduces women to sex commodities and underestimates other values for women. Therefore, to protect women from such misconceptions, women should not be allowed to sell their virginity. Works CitedDictionary.com. Dictionar y.com. Web. 8 Dec. 2014. ."ARGUMENT: Is This Student Selling Her Virginity a Terrible Human Being?" Th...

Harry Truman Essay - 633 Words

Harry Truman Harry Truman, a president who witnessed and was a part of some of the most memorable events in U.S. and world history, is said to have had a reputation for being an honest and efficient man. Born in the town of Lamar, Missouri on May 8, 1884, Truman was used to living a humble life. Growing up as a Baptist on a farm near Independence, Missouri, Truman was the eldest of three children. His parents were John and Martha Truman. As a youth, Truman had weak eyesight which resulted in keeping him out of the regular army. Truman, in 1905, then decided to join the Missouri National Guard. He ended up serving in World War I as the commander of an artillery battle. Upon his return in 1919, Truman married his best†¦show more content†¦Truman accomplished many things while in office, including the successful bombing of Japan. Though Roosevelt began the Manhattan Project, which consisted of constructing the world’s first atomic bomb, Truman was the man that made the final decision to use the bomb. Just two weeks after becoming president, Truman was presented with the atom bomb and the history of what Roosevelt had been trying to accomplish with the Manhattan Project. Truman decided to form the Interim Committee, which made recommendations regarding the bomb’s use in war. On August 6, a b-29 aircraft called the Enola Gay dropped the atomic bomb nicknamed â€Å"little boy† 2,000 fee t above Hiroshima. This city had been chosen as a target because it was a center Japanese defense industries and the base for the Southern Japanese army. The estimation of lives lost was about 70,000-100,000 in Hiroshima alone. After the attack, the U.S. dropped leaflets to inform the Japanese people of the atomic bomb and to encourage their government to surrender. The Japanese government refused, causing the U.S. to airstrike once again, this time on Nagasaki, killing an additional 40,000 to 60,000 people. The Empire of Japan finally surrendered on August 14. Truman dealt with many other issues during his presidency. He continued Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† with the â€Å"Fair Deal†, his postwar domestic program. Another important issue was that of the beginning of the â€Å"Cold War† withShow MoreRelatedHarry Truman Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesDepression and WWII, died. Harry S. Truman the vice president takes over and carries out Roosevelts plans and new plans for the ending and reconstruction of the war throughout the world. Truman will be remembered in history for all his contributions and hard work put into our war effort and helping international economy. Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States. Born on May 8, 1884, in Lamar, Missouri, he was the oldest of three children. Truman had no middle name. His parentsRead MoreThe Legacy Of Harry S Truman758 Words   |  4 Pages Harry S Truman was born on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri. He was born into the family of Martha Ellen Truman and John Anderson Truman, who was a mule trader as well as a farmer. Harry was named after his uncle, Harrison Young. After his parents couldn’t decide on a middle name they settled with just the letter â€Å"S†. He grew up on his father’s farm in Independence, Missouri and attended Independence High School (now William Chrisman High School). Since he did not attend college, he had several jobsRead MorePresident Harry S. Truman762 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Paper President Harry S. Truman wasn’t only just a president, he was a US army soldier, a democratic senator, presiding judge, and a vice president. Before his presidency, he fought in World War 1. Recapping his roles before the presidency, once the war ended, Truman got discharged from the army and then went to attend Kansas City school of law. This is when he was on the road to becoming president. In 1933 Franklin d Roosevelt was elected 32nd president. Harry S. got elected presidingRead More Harry S. Truman Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Harry S. Truman was born on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri. 2. Childhood nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;John A. Truman sold and bought livestock form a lot adjacent to their house when Harry was first born. When Harry was ten months old the Trumans sold their house and stocklot to move to Harrisonville, Missouri. From Harrisonville they moved to Belton, then to Grandview, and finally settled in Independence, Missouri when Harry Truman was six years old. President Truman was the oldestRead More Harry S. Truman Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pages Harry S. Truman Depending on how old you are, it is possible that you have experienced many great presidents throughout your lifetime. Every single person in this world has their own view as to what a president’s role in the world should be, and how their values should reflect them. So far, the United States has gone through 42 Presidents who have all offered many new ideas that have aided our country tremendously. One of these great men was our 33rd President, Harry S. Truman who was thrown intoRead MorePresident Harry S. Truman1277 Words   |  6 PagesMr. President, The First Publication From The Personal Diaries, Private Letters, Papers, And Revealing Interviews Of Harry S. Truman Written by William Hillman and published in 1952, this book intimately describes the life and decisions of President Harry S. Truman and specializes on the presidential years. It gives the reader an armchair seat beside Mr. Truman as he made some of the toughest decisions in the nation’s history! It is filled with various notes and letters to personalities from WinstonRead MoreEssay Harry S. Truman1091 Words   |  5 Pages Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States. Born on May 8, 1884, in Lamar, Missouri, he was the oldest of three children. Truman had no middle name. His parents apparently gave him the middle initial â€Å"S† to appease two family relatives. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At age six, his family moved to Independence, Missouri, where he attended Sunday school. There he met five year-old Elizabeth Wallace, with whom he later fell in love with. Beginning school at age eight, Truman modeledRead MoreHarry Truman, The President Of The United States1334 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Harry Truman, the 33rd president, was a honorable man as shown in this quote, The heroism of our troops was matched by that of the armed forces of the nation s that fought by our side they absorbed the blows and shared to the full in the ultimate destruction of the enemy.† This quote shows how the president was caring. He was a great man and is able to do many things such as ending World War II and he has also used the world most powerful weapon, the atomic bomb. Harry Truman, the 33rdRead MoreAnalysis Of The Presidential Leadership Harry Truman1206 Words   |  5 Pages An Analysis of the Presidential Leadership Harry Truman Crystal G. DeLong PSCI 5324: Executive Branch Analytical Essay #2 Dr. Faulkner August 3, 2016 â€Æ' The successes, or lack of success, of an American president is tied to the effectiveness of their presidential leadership. President Harry Truman served the American people as president from 1945 to 1953; he became president suddenly after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt amidst the end of World War II. Truman’s presidencyRead MoreA Little Bit about Harry Truman596 Words   |  2 Pagesbit about Harry Truman President Truman was born in Missouri on May 8th, 1884 and died on December 26, 1972 at age 88. He was named after his uncle Harrison. Mr. Thurman grew up in Missouri on a farm and his three main interests as a kid were reading, music and history. He is one of the few presidents to get a high school degree. After graduating from high school he worked on the Santa Fe Railroad sleeping in hobo camps. Later in 1906, he went back to his Grandview farm until 1917. Harry later fulfills

Sustainable Report on the School House China-myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theSustainable Report on the School House China. Answer: Introduction The following report has been prepared to study the sustainability features of the School House China, one of the most famous restaurants of China situated in the Mutianyu village. The schoolhouse has now grown in stature and has turned into a comprehensive dining and lodging destination for a large number of domestic as well as foreign guests from a large number of different countries across the world (Wijesinghe 2014). Sustainability is thus one of the major features that must be undertaken by the restaurant to survive in the long run and attract more customers with new innovational features. The following study has been divided into a number of small parts. The introductory part is followed by a brief but compact overview of China followed by the organizational history and sustainable development features of the organization. The report has also included the SH Framework within it to make it more precise in nature. The report ends with the measurement of results which helps to det ermine the methods to be adopted by the organization to sustain them in the hospitality sector. Brief Overview of China China is one of the largest countries of the world in terms of area and the largest in terms of human population. The country is also one of the fastest growing economies of the world and sustainability thus is a major concern for the country. (Bruns-Smith et al. 2015). Sustainability is a major concern for the country because of the underlying problems within the country that includes the likes of air pollution, toxic chemical and manufacturing plants and many more as such. Environmental regulations in China are controlled by the, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Peoples Republic of China. The main environmental policies include the Air Pollution Control Law, which have been implemented to control air pollution. The successful implementation of the rural and urban planning is totally based on the recognition of the interdependence of the different parties involved. A shared effort where all the different people can effectively participate in the process and lead the chang e will help in achieving success. Though the country has been working towards the improvement in the current situation more efforts must be given to increase the sustainability of the country and in turn increase the sustainability of the hospitality sector. The school has been a regular source of income for the local people and it also helps to empower women. The training provided to the employees of the organization helps them to deal with the people in a proper manner. Overview of the Case Study Schoolhouse China is one of the greatest achievements of effective and innovative thinking that has resulted in the creation of such a beautiful concept. The Schoolhouse collection of restaurants and residences are the result of one man and his teams realization about the hunger for such kind of a development model. The team has been preserving the original buildings and has turned these buildings into modern hotels and restaurants. The hotels are designed in the latest possible ways to stay sustainable in the market and attract more and more customers. The rooms have solar heating, thermal window panes and LED lights which are surely the most sustainable concepts. Apart from this the food delivered to the customers are mainly cultivated in the fields which helps to create a green concept to the total service. Thus the particular organization has all the necessary properties to be both environmentally and economically sustainable in the future. (Bruns-Smith et al. 2015). Initiatives within the SH Framework The modern days has seen a certain shift in the paradigm on how the different organizations approach towards environmental sustainability. A strong focus on energy, waste and use of water is directly linked with the financial rewards for the smooth operation of the hoteliers. The success of the following business has been helpful for the different aspects of the framework. The sociological viewpoint allows people to characterize the particular demands of the tourist activities and help in hospitality management and in mutual exchange and relationship. The more the management can socialize the more it will lead itself to sustainability. The economic impact of the Schoolhouse China is also one of the major things to discuss as because the establishment of the hotels and restaurants has changed the economy of the place. The people are self reliant and the economy of the place comprises mainly of the hospitality business. The business of the hotel helps to contribute both the economic, s ocial and environmental development for the local place. Achievements The tourism and hospitality industry in Mutianyu village is the sole source of economy for the given area. The sustainable tourism activities of the organization is the latest trend that aims to create a proper and effective balance in between the three dimensions of tourism development which are the environmental, social and economic aspects. . (Bruns-Smith et al. 2015) The sustainability measures of the organization will help in the reduction of the usage of environmental resources, conserving natural heritage and maintain the ecological chain and also to promote sustainable and green tourism. As mentioned earlier the innovative concepts like food from the garden and solar panels and LED lights are one of the biggest achievements of the particular organization to promote green sustainability in the area. Measurement of the Results Sustainability often defines the goals of the business, profits of the organization and many other parameters as such. However there are certain measures that help the organization to easily calculate the different types of sustainability measures taken by them. The management of the organization uses the triple bottom line framework to calculate the sustainability of the following organization. Apart from the measurement of the earlier elements like profits, return on investment and value of the shareholders the following framework also measures the environmental and social dimensions of Schoolhouse China (Huang and Yin, 2015). The following tool helps the organization to provide an accurate accounting database to attain sustainability. Critical Analysis According to. Aragon-Correa et al. (2015)the use of the different innovative strategies like providing the guests with fresh foods, polished and innovative rooms that uses renewable energy is certainly a great job. However argues that the organization needs to implement some more innovative ways to improve the current situation (Perez and del Bosque, 2014). The following case study on the sustainable practices of Schoolhouse in China clearly depicts that sustainable goals of the organization can be achieved only when there is proper coordination between all the different persons involved in the organization starting from employees to shareholders and even the customers of the business. As suggested by the organization creates or maintains an effective balance between all the three aspects including social, economical and environmental. Conclusion The report on sustainability within the hospitality industry is one of the most trending issues of the modern world. The report on Schoolhouse China has thrown light on the sustainability practices practiced both in China as well as the organization itself. The amazing transformation from a closed school to one of the most visited places in China shows the ability of the people to attract more customers under their fold. The inclusion of the critical perspectives of the following study increases its scope and will certainly open up a new way in the study of the sustainability reports of the organization. Reference List Aragon-Correa, J.A., Martin-Tapia, I. and de la Torre-Ruiz, J., 2015. Sustainability issues and hospitality and tourism firms strategies: Analytical review and future directions.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), pp.498-522 Bruns-Smith, A., Choy, V., Chong Ph D, H. and Verma Ph D, R., 2015. Environmental sustainability in the hospitality industry: Best practices, guest participation, and customer satisfaction Huang, H. and Yin, L., 2015. Creating sustainable urban built environments: An application of hedonic house price models in Wuhan, China.Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,30(2), pp.219-235. Jones, P., Hillier, D. and Comfort, D., 2016. Sustainability in the hospitality industry: Some personal reflections on corporate challenges and research agendas.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(1), pp.36-67. Perez, A. and del Bosque, I.R., 2014. Sustainable development and stakeholder relations management: Exploring sustainability reporting in the hospitality industry from a SD-SRM approach.International Journal of Hospitality Management,42, pp.174-187. (Perez and del Bosque, 2014) Wijesinghe, G., 2014. Reimagining the application of sustainability to the hospitality industry through a virtue ethics framework.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(1), pp.31-49. (Wijesinghe 2014)

King Leopolds Ghost

King Leopold’s Ghost is a history book authored by Adam Hochschild where he explores how King Leopold II of Belgium exploited Congo Free State in 1885-1908. The main reason why Hochschild wrote the book was to make people aware of the European power’s crimes in Congo. King Leopold’s Ghost gives an account of a cruel, heartless and cunning king who raided Congo and took away the lives of the people and economic resources in the nation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on King Leopold’s Ghost specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also describes those brave men who rebelled against the king such as the missionaries, young idealists and travelers. Many European powers wanted to own up Africa and Asia in 19th century. King Leopold II of Belgium decided to make attempts to join imperial leaders in their quest to obtain Africa and Asia. He managed to seize Congo River and its surrounding. He then c onducted genocidal raid of Congo whereby he looted rubber, maltreat Congolese people and reduced the population by elimination ten million citizens. King Leopold however considered himself as a great humanitarian for all these evil actions. Archbishop of Canterbury, Mark Twain and many other people joined forces to expose King Leopold’s bad deeds in Congo. This eventually led to the formation of Human Rights Movement. This paper mainly reflects on how colonization undermined Congolese society and why this was a natural result of late 19th century imperialism. Many countries which were colonized by European powers were greatly undermined. The European powers used excessive force to obtain what they wanted from the nations they had conquered and the people. They subjected their colonies to forced labor, brutal killed them, destroyed their properties and sold them out to slavery. Congo Free State is just an example of those African and Asian countries that were undermined by col onization. This therefore means that what happened to Congolese society was a typical and natural result of late 19th century imperialism which was practiced in many nations such as Assyrian Empire, Roman Empire, Japan, Chinese Empire, Persian Empire, Greece, Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire. King Leopold II was just like other imperialist who glorified in evil actions. King Leopold II of Belgium considered himself as a great humanitarian for genocidal raid of Congo whereby he looted rubber, maltreat Congolese people and reduced the population by elimination ten million citizens. Imperialism was a controversial aspect whereby imperialists justified their actions.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They believed that they acted on a rational ground by doing their work best since they considered themselves to be highest in social efficiency. Imperial powers believed that the world and the people in it should be developed and governed by those who had the highest social efficiency and they saw themselves to possess that power to govern the world based on the best way they knew. King Leopold of Belgium is among the most powerful imperialists to have lived. In his book, King Leopold’s Ghost, Hochschild described King Leopard as a greedy monster and huffy person who was determined at a tender age to own African colony and make them his subject to be able to acquire the wealth in the country. After taking over Congo Free State, Leopold decided to make profits out of ivory in Congo by destroying the lives of many elephants in the nation. Leopold actually exploited all the ivory in Congo Free State. The expansion of international gold and rubber market forced Leopold change his plans of extracting ivory since it was no longer valuable as gold and rubber. Leopold began to force Congolese people into the forest to collect rubber. When he felt unsatisfied by the work t hat the villagers were doing in the forest, Leopold ordered his soldiers to whip the people which left a large number of people dead. The soldiers used humans to test whether their bullets were working. The native people were the main victims of King Leopold II. They lost their own land and freedom to Leopold. Leopold used force and harsh methods to accumulate rubber. He cheated the native people that he was going to bring them Christian charity, European civilization and ethics in work. Leopold took away children and women hostage while men were forced to make quotas. The women were held in chains while waiting for their husbands to bring back the right amount of rubber as demanded by Leopold. Those who faltered were either killed or tortured by the soldiers. The hands of slaves were severed to put in a basket to act as a proof of murder which Leopold glorified in. Imperialized mainly glorified in causing others pain and forcing them to obey him. King Leopold liked the fact that he was terrorizing and controlling a huge population. This was however stranger since the imperialists claimed that they were civilized yet they treated human beings in a different way.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on King Leopold’s Ghost specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leopold considered faster way of murdering the natives in Congo since he was sure that the wild rubber in the nation will ultimately be taken by those who worked in the rubber plantations to gain profit. Leopold joined together with other people to stem forces in Congo and eventually managed to destroy the nation. Leopold had mastered traditional African ways of oppression and brigandage that he used to achieve what he wanted from the natives. He also had vicious experience with different techniques used to inflict pain on people which will eventually make them surrender to his requests. Leopold also used machine guns, steamboats and railwa ys in his quest for Africa. The slaves were used to transport the rubber to the railhead or to the river. Leopold was a wild man both outside and inside his palace. His unmatched political strategy and his cunning tactics enabled him to keep United States away from Congo such that they were not able investigate what was taking place in the country. Leopold continued to enjoy the protection he got from United States in spite of the fact that they were against slavery, colonial and opposed republican principals. The European nations did not involve much in Congo which was astonishing given that imperialism and prejudice was much widespread in the country. Leopold however continued to slaughter Congolese people and exploit those in the West. There were however some brave men who decided to object Leopold way of ruling in Congo. They include George Washington Williams, Roger Casement, E.D. Morel and William Sheppard. They helped in bringing factual occurrences in Congo that was hidden t o the public especially to United States. They spoke about the human abuse that was taking place in Congo under the rule of King Leopold II of Belgium. In conclusion, the book King Leopold’s Ghost is an account of a cruel, heartless and cunning King Leopold II of Belgium who raided Congo and took away the lives of the people and economic resources in the nation. It also describes those brave men who rebelled against the king such as the missionaries, young idealists and travelers. This paper has reflected on how colonization undermined Congolese society. This essay on King Leopold’s Ghost was written and submitted by user Anderson Everett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cost Control and Cost Reduction Essays

Cost Control and Cost Reduction Essays Cost Control and Cost Reduction Essay Cost Control and Cost Reduction Essay PRINCIPLES OF COST CONTROL 1. 1 Introduction Cost is important to all industry. Costs can be divided into two general classes; absolute costs and relative costs. Absolute cost measures the loss in value of assets. Relative cost involves a comparison between the chosen course of action and the course of action that was rejected. This cost of the alternative action the action not taken is often called the opportunity cost. The accountant is primarily concerned with the absolute cost. However, the forest engineer, the planner, the manager needs to be concerned with the alternative cost the cost of the lost opportunity. Management has to be able to make comparisons between the policy that should be chosen and the policy that should be rejected. Such comparisons require the ability to predict costs, rather than merely record costs. Cost data are, of course, essential to the technique of cost prediction. However, the form in which much cost data are recorded limits accurate cost prediction to the field of comparable situations only. This limitation of accurate cost prediction may not be serious in industries where the production environment changes little from month to month or year to year. In harvesting, however, identical production situations are the exception rather than the rule. Unless the cost data are broken down and recorded as unit costs, and correlated with the factors that control their values, they are of little use in deciding between alternative procedures. Here, the approach to the problem of useful cost data is that of identification, isolation, and control of the factors affecting cost. . 2 Basic Classification of Costs Costs are divided into two types: variable costs, and fixed costs. Variable costs vary per unit of production. For example, they may be the cost per cubic meter of wood yarded, per cubic meter of dirt excavated, etc. Fixed costs, on the other hand, are incurred only once and as additional units of production are produced, the unit costs fall. Examples of fixed costs would be eq uipment move-in costs and road access costs. 1. 3 Total Cost and Unit-Cost Formulas As harvesting operations become more complicated and involve both fixed and ariable costs, there usually is more than one way to accomplish a given task. It may be possible to change the quantity of one or both types of cost, and thus to arrive at a minimum total cost. Mathematically, the relationship existing between volume of production and costs can be expressed by the following equations: Total cost = fixed cost + variable cost ? output In symbols using the first letters of the cost elements and N for the output or number of units of production, these simple formulas are C = F + NV UC = F/N + V 1. Breakeven Analysis A breakeven analysis determines the point at which one method becomes superior to another method of accomplishing some task or objective. Breakeven analysis is a common and important part of cost control. One illustration of a breakeven analysis would be to compare two methods of road construction for a road that involves a limited amount of cut-and-fill earthwork. It would be possible to do the earthwork by hand or by bulldozer. If the manual method were adopted, the fixed costs would be low or non-existent. Payment would be done on a daily basis and would call for direct supervision by a foreman. The cost would be calculated by estimating the time required and multiplying this time by the average wages of the men employed. The men could also be paid on a piece-work basis. Alternatively, this work could be done by a bulldozer which would have to be moved in from another site. Let us assume that the cost of the hand labor would be $0. 60 per cubic meter and the bulldozer would cost $0. 40 per cubic meter and would require $100 to move in from another site. The move for Excavation. If, on a set of coordinates, cost in dollars is plotted on the vertical axis and units of production on the horizontal axis, we can indicate fixed cost for any process by a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis. If variable ost per unit output is constant, then the total cost for any number of units of production will be the sum of the fixed cost and the variable cost multiplied by the number of units of production, or F + NV. If the cost data for two processes or methods, one of which has a higher variable cost, but lower fixed cost than the other are plotted on the same graph, the total cost lines will intersect at some point. At this point the levels of production and total cost are the same. This point is known as the breakeven point, since at this level one method is as economical as the other. Referring to Figure 1. 1 the breakeven point at which quantity the bulldozer alternative and the manual labor alternative become equal is at 500 cubic meters. We could have found this same result algebraically by writing F + NV = F + NV where F and V are the fixed and variable costs for the manual method, and F and V are the corresponding values for the bulldozer method. Since all values are known except N, we can solve for N using the formula N = (F F) / (V V) 1. 5 Minimum Cost Analyses A similar, but different problem is the determination of the point of minimum total cost. Instead of balancing two methods with different fixed and variable costs, the aim is to bring the sum of two costs to a minimum. We will assume a clearing crew of 20 men is clearing road right-of-way and the following facts are available: 1. Men are paid at the rate of $0. 40 per hour. 2. Time is measured from the time of leaving camp to the time of return. 3. Total walking time per man is increasing at the rate of 15 minutes per day. 4. The cost to move the camp is $50. If the camp is moved each day, no time is lost walking, but the camp cost is $50 per day. If the camp is not moved, on the second day 15 crew-minutes are lost or $2. 00. On the third day, the total walking time has increased 30 minutes, the fourth day, 45 minutes, and so on. How often should the camp be moved assuming all other things are equal? We could derive an algebraic expression using the sum of an arithmetic series if we wanted to solve this problem a number of times, but for demonstration purposes we can simply calculate the average total camp cost. The average total camp cost is the sum of the average daily cost of walking time plus the average daily cost of moving camp. If we moved camp each day, then average daily cost of walking time would be zero and the cost of moving camp would be $50. 00. If we moved the camp every other day, the cost of walking time is $2. 00 lost the second day, or an average of $1. 00 per day. The average daily cost of moving camp is $50 divided by 2 or $25. 00. The average total camp cost is then $26. 00. If we continued this process for various numbers of days the camp remains in location, we would obtain the results in Table 1. 1. TABLE 1. 1 Average daily total camp cost as the sum of the cost of walking time plus the cost of moving camp. Days camp remained in location| Average daily cost of walking time| Average daily cost of moving camp| Average total camp cost| 1| 0. 00| 50. 00| 50. 00| 2| 1. 00| 25. 00| 26. 00| 3| 2. 00| 16. 67| 18. 67| 4| 3. 00| 12. 50| 15. 50| 5| 4. 00| 10. 00| 14. 00| 6| 5. 00| 8. 33| 13. 33| 7| 6. 00| 7. 14| 13. 14| 8| 7. 00| 6. 25| 13. 25| 9| 8. 00| 5. 56| 13. 56| 10| 9. 00| 5. 00| 14. 00| We see the average daily cost of walking time increasing linearly and the average cost of moving camp decreasing as the number of days the camp remains in one location increases. The minimum cost is obtained for leaving the camp in location 7 days (Figure 1. 2). This minimum cost point should only be used as a guideline as all other things are rarely equal. An important output of the analysis is the sensitivity of the total cost to deviations from the minimum cost point. In this example, the total cost changes slowly between 5 and 10 days. Often, other considerations which may be difficult to quantify will affect the decision. In Section 2, we discuss balancing road costs against skidding costs. Sometimes roads are spaced more closely together than that indicated by the point of minimum total cost if excess road construction capacity is available. In this case the goal may be to reduce the risk of disrupting skidding production because of poor weather or equipment availability. Alternatively, we may choose to space roads farther apart to reduce environmental impacts. Due to the usually flat nature of the total cost curve, the increase in total cost is often small over a wide range of road spacings. Figure 1. 2 Costs for Camp Location Example.